Middleware ce gida a Django?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Middleware** shine jirgin aiki na hooks wanda ke aiki da **kowane buɗe da amsa** a duniya, tana zaune tsakanin sabar yanar gida da alawofu. Kowane middleware na iya bincika/canja buɗawa a hanya ta ciki da amsawa a hanya ta waje — mai kyau ga abubuwan da suke shiga juna kamar ƙarewa, header ɗin tsaro, zaman jari, da jawabtawa.

## Ɓaɓaɗɗewa buɗe/amsa ta hanyar middleware

```text
Request  → MW1 → MW2 → MW3 → VIEW
Response ← MW1 ← MW2 ← MW3 ← VIEW

Middleware wraps the view like layers of an onion:
  - on the way IN (request): top-to-bottom
  - on the way OUT (response): bottom-to-top (reverse order)
```

## Middleware na Django na jiya (a settings.py)

```python
MIDDLEWARE = [
    "django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware",          # security headers (HSTS, etc.)
    "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",   # enables request.session
    "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
    "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",              # CSRF protection
    "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",# enables request.user
    "django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware", # clickjacking protection
]
# ORDER MATTERS — e.g. SessionMiddleware must come before AuthenticationMiddleware
```

Yawancin abubuwan Django na asali ne middleware: zaman jari (`request.session`), ƙarewa (`request.user`), kariya CSRF, da header ɗin tsaro duk suna zo daga middleware na jiya. **Tsari yana matuwa** — wasu middleware sun dogara da wasu suna gudna a farko.

## Rubuta middleware na kansu

```python
class TimingMiddleware:
    def __init__(self, get_response):
        self.get_response = get_response          # the next middleware/view

def __call__(self, request):
        # --- code here runs on the way IN (before the view) ---
        import time; start = time.time()

response = self.get_response(request)     # call the next layer (eventually the view)

# --- code here runs on the way OUT (after the view) ---
        response["X-Response-Time"] = f"{time.time() - start:.3f}s"
        return response
```

Middleware shine kira: lambar a gaba da `self.get_response(request)` tana aiki a buɗewa, lambar bayan ta aiki a amsa. Wannan za a ba ku damar aiki duka a gaba da bayan aiwatar da ra'ayi.

## Amfani da middleware da aka gada

```text
✓ Authentication / setting request.user
✓ Security headers (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options)
✓ Request/response logging, timing, metrics
✓ Sessions, locale/i18n detection, CORS
✓ Rate limiting, maintenance mode, custom request preprocessing
```

## Middleware da alawofu/ɗabi'u

```text
Middleware → GLOBAL, cross-cutting concerns affecting EVERY (or most) request
Decorators/view logic → per-view concerns specific to certain endpoints
→ Use middleware for app-wide behavior; decorators for selective behavior.
```

## Me ya sa yana matuwa

Middleware shine ainihin yadda Django ke aiki buɗewa — fahimtar shi sanar da yawa na abubuwan Django na asali suna aiki a gaske kuma ba saba'a hanya don **duniyar, abubuwan da suke shiga juna**.

Ganin cewa zaman jari, ƙarewa (`request.user`), kariya CSRF, da header ɗin tsaro duk suna zo daga middleware na jiya ya kawar da asira a yadda Django ke aiki buɗewa kuma sanar de yasa waɗannan abubuwan "suna aiki ne kawai." Fahimtar **da alawar buɗe/amsa** (middleware ke lilikwa ra'ayi, aiki buɗewa gaba-da-gaba da amsawa gida-da-gaba) kuma cewa **tsari yana matuwa** (wasu middleware sun dogara da wasu, kamar ƙarewa da buƙatar zaman jari a farko) yana da mahimmanci don daidaita Django daidai kuma ba wa matsaloli.

Jiya don **rubuta middleware na kansu** mai aiki ga haɗaɗɗen abubuwan da suke shiga juna a takaice — jawabtawa, lokaci, header na kansu, iyakar buƙaɗar, yanayin daidaita — a wuri guda maimakon maimaita ta hanyar alawofu.

Sanin lokacin da za a yi amfani da middleware (abubuwan duniya da suke shiga yawancin buɗewa) da alawofu ko ra'ayi na lambar gida (abubuwan da suke shiga gida ko gida) sanin muhimmanci ne.

Middleware shine inaa Django ke aiki buɗe/amsa aiki da ke shiga juna duka a jiya a aikace-aikace, yana sanar da muhimmanci, abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci a gari ga fahimtar da jiya na jiya kuma gina aikace-aikace da jiya tare da sassan sawa da abubuwan da suke shiga juna.