Paano classes da objects suke aiki cikin Python?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Jiya** shine tsari don ƙirƙira **abubuwa** (misalai) da ke haɗa bayani (halaye) da hali (hanyoyi). Python na OOP yana da laushi da kuma yana da wasu al'adu na musamman, musamman fuskantaccen `self`.

## Bayyana jiya

```python
class Dog:
    species = "Canis familiaris"     # CLASS attribute (shared by all instances)

def __init__(self, name, age):   # the constructor — runs on creation
        self.name = name              # INSTANCE attributes (per object)
        self.age = age

def bark(self):                   # a method — `self` is the instance
        return f"{self.name} says woof"

d = Dog("Rex", 3)        # create an instance (calls __init__)
d.name                   # "Rex"
d.bark()                 # "Rex says woof"
```

## Fuskantaccen self

```python
def bark(self):          # `self` is ALWAYS the first parameter of a method
    return self.name      # access instance data through self
```

Saba da yawancin yarukan da suke da `this` mara sharhi, Python yana buƙatar **`self`** azaman fuskantaccen paramita na farko na kowane hanya ta gida — yana nufin gindin hanyar da aka karanta shi. Ba ku aika da shi kai tsaye ba; `d.bark()` ya aika `d` a matsayin `self` ta atomatik.

## Jiya vs attributesin misali

```python
Dog.species          # "Canis familiaris" — shared by all dogs
d.species            # also accessible from an instance
d.name               # "Rex" — unique to this instance
```

Anazaar na jiya an raba su duka misalai; halaye na misali (saita ta `self.x =`) su ne kowane-waje.

## Nau'ikan hanya

```python
class Circle:
    def area(self): ...                    # instance method — needs self

@classmethod
    def from_diameter(cls, d):             # class method — receives the CLASS (cls)
        return cls(d / 2)                   # often used as alternative constructors

@staticmethod
    def pi(): return 3.14159               # static — no self/cls, just namespaced
```

## Al'adun Encapsulation

```python
self.public                # public
self._protected            # "internal use" by convention (not enforced)
self.__private             # name-mangled to _ClassName__private (stronger hiding)
```

Python baba don ainihi masu zaman kansu — gaba gida underscores su ne al'adu da suke nuni da nufi ("kar ka taɓa wannan"), ba ingancin ɗaukar ba.

## Me yasa ya mista

Classes su ne yadda kake yin model mahimmin abubuwa da tsari code a Python da ke daidai da mahadi — haɗe da bayani da hali, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin frameworks, domain modeling, da manyan aikace-aikace.

Sanin al'adun Python na musamman — fuskantaccen `self`, `__init__` gida, jiya vs attributesin misali, nau'ikan hanya gida (`instance`/`@classmethod`/`@staticmethod`), da al'adun zaman ƙarshe na underscore — ya zama dole don rubutu da karanta code na daidai da yanayin Python.

Su ya ba da bambanci sosai daga wasu yarukan (fuskantaccen self, zaman ƙarshe da aka saba) cewa sanin su sosai zai hanye gajiyar gaji.