Paano aiki ake sunayen aiki da jijiyowan aiki?

Question

Accepted Answer

Aiki-aiki na Python suna goyan bayan **matsayi** da **maɓalli** jijiya, ƙaɗai da **dazuzzukan ajiya**. Ganin yadda suke haɗa — da buƙatar latsini daya da yawa — shi ne mahimmanci.

## Jijiya matsayi, maɓalli, da dazuzzuka

```python
def greet(name, greeting="Hello", punctuation="!"):
    return f"{greeting}, {name}{punctuation}"

greet("Ann")                          # positional → "Hello, Ann!"
greet("Ann", "Hi")                    # "Hi, Ann!"
greet("Ann", punctuation=".")          # keyword arg → "Hello, Ann."
greet(name="Ann", greeting="Hey")      # all by keyword
```

Sunayen tare da dazuzzuka sun zaba; zaku iya aika da jijiya ta matsayi ko ta suna (jijiya maɓalli suna iyakance karantawa da suna ba ka damar tsallake sunayen da mace).

## Buƙatar sanin ba: mutable dazuzzukan ajiya

```python
# ❌ DANGER — the default list is created ONCE and SHARED across all calls
def add_item(item, items=[]):
    items.append(item)
    return items

add_item("a")   # ["a"]
add_item("b")   # ["a", "b"]  ← surprise! the SAME list persisted
```

Dazuzzukan ajiya ana auna su **sau daya** lokacin da aka ayyana aiki, ba kowane kira ba. Don haka dazuzzuke mutable (jiya/dict) ana raba su tsakanin kiraye — kasua jiya ce. Daidaita:

```python
# ✅ use None as the default and create a fresh object inside
def add_item(item, items=None):
    if items is None:
        items = []
    items.append(item)
    return items
```

## Sunayen kawai da matsayi-kawai sunayen

```python
def f(a, b, *, key):       # `*` → `key` MUST be passed by keyword
    ...
f(1, 2, key=3)             # ✅   f(1, 2, 3) ❌

def g(a, b, /, c):         # `/` → a, b MUST be positional
    ...
```

`*` da `/` alamomi suna ba ka ikon lokacin yadda aka aika da jijiya — mai amfani ne don bambanci, tsayuwa APIs.

## Me yasa ya zama mahimmanci

Ganin yadda aka sarrafa sunayen shine mahimmanci wajen rubutu da kira aiki-aiki na Python daidai.

Dazuzzuka suna sa aiki-aiki na kyau, da jijiya maɓalli suna sa kiraye su su bayyana kansu.

Saida, **mutable-dazuzzukan ajiya buƙatar sanin** shi ne ɗaya daga cikin kasua mafi yawa da abin damuwa a Python — sanin cewa dazuzzuka ana auna su sau daya (saboda dazuzzuka mutable suna tsayi tsakanin kiraye) da `None`-alamomi wajen daidaitawa suna ƙarewa harakati gida na baƙi.

Ilimin nan ya kirkireshi yin saje-saje, jiyawa aiki-aiki APIs.