Waɗannan su ne hanyoyin Ruby da kuma suka haɗa sarrafa hanyoyin getter da/ko setter ga masu ajiyar jiya — kawar da abin da bai buƙata ba. Domin masu ajiyar jiya (@name) su ne masu zaman kansu kuma ba a iya samun daɗi daidai daga waje ba, kuna buƙata hanyoyin sarrafa don karanta/rubuta su, kuma attr_* yana sarrafa waɗannan sannu da sannu.
()
= name
()
= value
class Person
attr_reader :name # generates a GETTER only (read-only): person.name
attr_writer :email # generates a SETTER only (write-only): person.email = ...
attr_accessor :age # generates BOTH getter and setter: person.age / person.age = ...
def initialize(name, age)
@name = name
@age = age
end
end
person = Person.new("Ann", 30)
person.name # "Ann" — reader
person.age = 31 # writer
person.age # 31 — reader
person.name = "X" # ❌ NoMethodError — name is read-only (attr_reader, no setter)
attr_reader → getter kacal kawai (karanta-kawai access).attr_writer → setter kawai (rubuta-kawai).attr_accessor → duka getter da setter (karanta-rubuta).Kowa ya ɗauki alamomi da suke nuna masu ajiyar jiya, kuma yana sarrafa hanyoyin da suka dace ta atomatik — layin daya yana maye gurbin ma'aikatan da yawa na hannu.
class BankAccount
attr_reader :balance # ✅ balance is readable but NOT directly settable (protect it)
def initialize
@balance = 0
end
def deposit(amount) # changes go through a controlled method, not a raw setter
@balance += amount if amount > 0
end
end
Zaɓin attr_reader (vs attr_accessor) don filayen da ba ya zamantaa su a daidai daga waje ba shi ne kyau encapsulation — kayyada kawai access da kuke niyya.
Sanin attr_accessor/attr_reader/attr_writer shine ilmin asali na yau da kullun na Ruby, saboda ana ganin su kusan a kowace ajiyar Ruby.
Matsakaicin dalilin da suka kasance: masu ajiyar jiya (@name) su ne masu zaman kansu kuma ba a iya samun daɗi daidai daga waje a jiyya, saboda haka kuna buƙata hanyoyin sarrafa don karanta ko rubuta su — kuma rubuta waɗannan getters/setters da hannu ga kowane aji yana da wahalar da ba buƙata ba.
Waɗannan hanyoyin suna sarrafa sarrafa otomatik (attr_reader don karanta-kawai, attr_writer don rubuta-kawai, attr_accessor don duka), maye gurbin ma'aikatan da yawa da layin daia sannu sannu — alamar kyauta ta Ruby kuma ƙankaɓawa.
Sanin abin da kowa ya sarrafa kuma zaɓin daidai shi ne kuma batun kyau encapsulation: amfani da attr_reader (karanta-kawai) don filayen da ba ya zamantaa su a daidai daga waje ba, kuma attr_accessor kawai inda karanta-rubuta access shi ne tabbas niyya, yana sarrafa yadda aka fallasa jiyyan jiya (misali sanin kudin banki amma kawai sa za a iya canja ta hanyoyin karfafa).
Domin waɗannan sarrafa su su kasance a cikin Ruby jiyyu (da Rails models), sanin yadda suke aiki, abin da kowa ya sarrafa, kuma yadda za a zaɓi don kyau encapsulation yana da mahimmanci, sanin da ya buƙata don rubuta kuma karanta Ruby jiyyu — shi ne ɗaya daga farkon abubuwan da ka fuskanci lokacin neman Ruby jiyyu kuma ya nuna hanyar harshe ta ƙankaɓawa, kamannin bayani zuwa ga buƙatun gida (sarrafa mulki ga jiyyan jiya).