Ruby hanyoyi an bayyana su tare da def...end. Ruby yana da jujjuyawar da tazara wajen gudanar da jigogi — ƙiyaye darajar taguwa, jigogi mabaji, splat (*) ga jigogi masu canji, da tubafi — kuma al'ada shi ne cewa mahimmin magana ta ƙarshe ita ce darajar koma da aka bugi (implicit return value).
def add(a, b)
a + b # NO `return` needed — the last expression is returned implicitly
end
add(2, 3) # 5
def greet(name)
"Hello, #{name}" # implicitly returned
end
Ruby hanyoyi **suna koma da mahimmin magana ta ƙarshe da carfe — ba ku saba rubuta return (an yi amfani da shi ne kawai don komawa da wuri) ba. Wannan ita ce hanya ta Ruby.
# default arguments
def greet(name, greeting = "Hello")
"#{greeting}, #{name}"
end
greet("Ann") # "Hello, Ann"
greet("Ann", "Hi") # "Hi, Ann"
# KEYWORD arguments (clearer, order-independent) — common in modern Ruby
def create_user(name:, age: 0, role: :user)
# name is required (no default); age/role optional
end
create_user(name: "Ann", role: :admin) # pass by keyword — readable
Jigogi mabaji (name:) ita ce hanya ta Ruby ta yau jiya — suna baba al'adun kira da su zasu bayyana juna daidai da ba su da karfi na tsari.
def sum(*numbers) # * collects extra positional args into an array
numbers.sum
end
sum(1, 2, 3, 4) # 10
def config(**options) # ** collects keyword args into a hash
options[:timeout]
end
config(timeout: 30, retries: 3)
*args yana tattara jigogi masu canji a cikin jerin; **options yana tattara jigogi mabaji a cikin tablowa.
def valid?(x) # ? convention → returns a boolean (predicate method)
x > 0
end
def process!(data) # ! convention → modifies in place / is "dangerous"
data.map!(&:upcase)
end
Al'adun suna: hanyoyi da suke ƙarshe tare da ? suna koma da boolean (jigogi da suka bugi jia), da ! yana nuna wani halitta/-cikin wuri ko "haƙuri" version.
Hanyoyi su ne tushen hali a cikin Ruby, kuma fahimtar Ruby jujjuyawar, tazara gudanar da jigogi da al'adun shine mahimmin ilmi na kullum.
Jigogi masu alama sune sarkakki: koma da aka bugi (hanyoyi suna koma da mahimmin magana ta ƙarshe, don haka return ana saba rubuta shi — Ruby da aka yadi ta dogara da wannan), jigogi mabaji (name: — hanya ta yau jiya, tazara, jia-zura tsari gabatarwa jigogi), da jigogi splat (*args/**options ga adadi masu canji).
Ma'amala sune al'adun suna — hanyoyi da suke ƙarshe tare da ? sune jigogi da suka bugi boolean (valid?, empty?), da hanyoyi da suke ƙarshe tare da ! sune destructive/-cikin wuri ko "haƙuri" versions (map!, sort!) — waɗanda ke cike a Ruby da Rails kuma suna sanar da karancin hanya a watsi (sanin cewa ! ana niyya "sauya cikin wuri" shine mahimmi don guje wa sakin da ba a buƙi ba).
Fahimtar yadda ake bayyana hanyoyi tare da Ruby jujjuyawar jigogi (ƙiyaye, mabaji, splat), idiom-koma-da aka bugi, da **?/! al'adun suna shine tushe don rubuta da karanta Ruby da aka yadi — waɗannan fasali da al'adun suna bayyana kullum, kuma fahimtar su (musamman jigogi mabaji don tsarkakke API da **?/! al'adun suna don fahimtar karancin hanya) shine mahimmi, mahimmi ilmi da aka yi amfani da shi sau masu yawa don samarwa Ruby da aka yadi.