A Ruby, komai abu ne jarumi — gami da lambobi, jerin haruffa, nil, true/false, har ma da azuzuwan kansu. Kowane ƙima yana da hanyoyin da zaka iya kiranta a gare ita, kuma babu nau'ikan primitive (ba kamar Java/C# da suke da primitive value-type). Wannan daidai da jiya ne asali na tsarin Ruby.
42.even? # true — Integer is an object with methods
42.times { ... } # call a method on a number
(-5).abs # 5
3.14.round # 3
nil.to_s # "" — even nil is an object (NilClass)
nil.nil? # true
true.class # TrueClass — booleans are objects too
"hello".length # strings are objects
Ba kamar yarukan jiya da suke da nau'ikan primitive, a Ruby 42 bu ne ainihi jarumi (misali na Integer) — kanka kiranta hanyoyi kai tsaye a gare ita (42.even?, 42.times). Har ma nil, true, da false su ne abubuwa tare da nasu azuzuwan kansu da hanyoyi.
String.class # Class — a class is itself an object (an instance of Class)
42.class # Integer
42.class.class # Class
Integer.ancestors # [Integer, Numeric, Comparable, Object, ...] — the class hierarchy
Har ma azuzuwan su ne abubuwa (misalai na Class) — wanda yake ba da damar ikon Ruby na metaprogramming (zaka iya gyara azuzuwan a lokacin guida).
42.is_a?(Object) # true — everything ultimately descends from Object
# the hierarchy: BasicObject → Object → ... → your value
# so EVERY object shares common methods (class, methods, respond_to?, etc.)
# because everything is an object, the same patterns work everywhere
[1, 2, 3].map(&:to_s) # call to_s on each
any_value.respond_to?(:upcase) # ask any object if it has a method
Sanin cewa "komai abu ne jarumi" shine mahimmin gani don fahimtar tsarin da daidaita ta Ruby, kuma ita ce daya daga cikin halayyar yarukan.
Ba kamar yarukan jiya da suke da nau'ikan primitive (Java/C# inda lambobi da boolean su ne primitive value-type, ba abubuwa ba), Ruby yana lada komai abu — lambobi, jerin haruffa, nil, boolean, har ma azuzuwan kansu — azaman abubuwa da hanyoyi da zaka iya kiranta.
Wannang daidaita ta yau da kullun ta jari na jarumi yana da tasiri na aiki: zaka iya kiranta hanyoyi kai tsaye akan kowane ƙima (42.even?, nil.to_s, 42.times), daidaitaccen nau'ikan jari na jarumi suna aiki da daidai-daidai a cikin duk abubuwa (babu wani dace na musamman ga "primitive"), kuma kowane jarumi yana raba gida hanyoyi daga Object.
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Damarre, gida cewa azuzuwan su ne abubuwa kansu (misalai na Class) shine wanda yake ba da damar metaprogramming na Ruby — zaka iya binciki da gyara azuzuwan a lokacin guida, wanda shine asali na jari da la'akari na Ruby da frameworks kamar Rails.
Sanin wannan kanon yake bayyana dalilin da yasa kodun Ruby zai iya kiranta hanyoyi akan komai abu, dalilin da yasa yarukan yayi kyau da daidai, da dalilin da yasa metaprogramming yake buƙatarwa.
Ita ce mahimmin tushe na wawaye wanda ya bambanta Ruby daga yarukan da suke da primitive/jarumi duality, kuma fahimtar ta shine daidai ga fahimtar daidaita na kyau, da salon kiranta hanyoyi a kan komai abu, da iko ta metaprogramming — wanda yake mahimmi, tushe na ilmi don aiki tare da yarukan da kari kuma mahimman batu wanda yake hanawa wawaye na Ruby.