Menene Struct kuma yaushe kake amfani da shi?

Question

Accepted Answer

**`Struct`** shine jami'in Ruby na gida don sauri sabuwa bangarorin fari da ke tara tafiya kaɗan **attributes** — yana samar da mai-gida, masu-buɗewa, daidaita, da ƙari a jiya. Ita ce hanya mai gajere don bayyana aji-data mafi nauyi ba tare da rubuta ajin cikakke ba.

## Matsalar da Struct ke warwarewa

```ruby
# ❌ a full class for simple data is verbose boilerplate
class Point
  attr_accessor :x, :y
  def initialize(x, y)
    @x = x
    @y = y
  end
  def ==(other)
    x == other.x && y == other.y
  end
end

# ✅ Struct does all of that in ONE line
Point = Struct.new(:x, :y)
```

`Struct.new(:x, :y)` yana samar da ajin da ke da mai-gida, `attr_accessor`s don `x` da `y`, daidaita bisa-jiya, `to_s`, da ƙari — yana kawar da abubuwan da aiki na jami'a data-sauƙi.

## Amfani da Struct

```ruby
Point = Struct.new(:x, :y)

p = Point.new(1, 2)
p.x              # 1 — accessor generated
p.y = 5           # setter generated
p == Point.new(1, 5)   # true — VALUE-based equality (generated)
p.to_a            # [1, 5] — convertible

# Structs can have methods too
Point = Struct.new(:x, :y) do
  def distance_from_origin
    Math.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
  end
end
Point.new(3, 4).distance_from_origin   # 5.0
```

Structs suna bada masu-buɗewa da **daidaita bisa-jiya** (structs biyu masu same attributes suna daidai — sauki ga abubuwan-data), kuma kana iya ƙara bangarori masu-daidaita a cikin block.

## Keyword-initialized structs da Data (Ruby 3.2)

```ruby
# keyword arguments (clearer for many fields)
Point = Struct.new(:x, :y, keyword_init: true)
Point.new(x: 1, y: 2)

# Data (Ruby 3.2+) — an IMMUTABLE alternative to Struct (for value objects)
Point = Data.define(:x, :y)
p = Point.new(1, 2)
p.x              # 1 (read-only — immutable)
p2 = p.with(x: 5)  # non-destructive copy with a change
```

**`Data`** na Ruby 3.2 shine sauyin rashin yin jiya na Struct — akasashi don jiya-jiya abubuwan da bai kamata su canja ba.

## Menene mahaɗin sa

`Struct` shine amfani Ruby don **sauri sabuwa bangarorin-data mafi sauƙi** ba tare da abubuwan aiki ba, don haka fahimta shi yana da mahimanci don rubuta Ruby mai gutsuri, mai saliya.

Amfani mai mahimanci shine kawar da koda mai maimaiko wanda ajin-data sauƙi ke buƙata — maimaikon rubuta ajin cikakke tare da mai-gida, `attr_accessor`s, da daidaita, `Struct.new(:x, :y)` yana samar da dukkan haka a jiya daya, kuma da **daidaita basi-jiya** (structs biyu masu same attributes suna daidai, wanda kake so don abubuwan-data kuma ya bambanta da daidaita-tunani na ajin na yau da kullun).

Wancan yana sa Struct akasashi don tsarin-data mafi nauyi, jiya-jiya abubuwan, dawowa ƙari-damewa daga hanyoyi, da jajaye mai sauƙi inda ajin cikakke zai zama ƙaro — kayan-aiki na amfani na kasua da ke tsare koda mai gutsuri.

Fahimta Struct (bangarori-data mai gajere tare da samar masu-buɗewa da daidaita-jiya, kuma darajar ƙara bangarori masu-daidaita), keyword-initialized structs (tsarki tsaya ga marayan filayen), da ajin **`Data`** na zamani (sauyin rashin yin jiya na Ruby 3.2 don jiya-jiya abubuwan da bai kamata su canja ba) yana da mahimanci ilimi don tsara jiya-jiya aji mai saliya.
")]}}}}}}]}}}}}}}Tun da bayyana aji-data kaɗan aji ne na sau-sau, kuma tun da Struct (da Data) suna bada hanya mai gajere, ta daidaitacciya don yin haka tare da gida mai amfani (musamman daidaita-jiya), sanin lokaci ya dodo da Struct/Data maimaikon ajin cikakke yana da amfani-gida Ruby ilimi da ke nuna rubuta mai saliya, gutsuri koda — kayan-aiki mai amfani a cikin akwatin-kayan Ruby mai aiki don aiki-sau-sau na tara jiya-jiya attributes a cikin sauyin nauyi, da ido ga mahaɗi Ruby akan gajere da ragewa abubuwan aiki.