Wanene ne nau'ikan gwaje gwaje da matakan gwaje?

Question

Accepted Answer

Gwaje software yana da matakan da yawa **na mataki** (ta scope) da **nau'i** (ta dalili). Fahimtar su — unit, integration, end-to-end; functional vs non-functional — yana taimakawa gina cikakken hanyar gwaje da ke rufe bangareru daban-daban na kalidad.

## Matakan gwaje (ta scope)

```text
UNIT → individual functions/methods in isolation (smallest, fastest, most numerous)
INTEGRATION → multiple units/components working TOGETHER (e.g. code + database, services)
END-TO-END (E2E) → the WHOLE application from the user's perspective (full flows,
  through the real UI/system) — broadest, slowest
SYSTEM → the complete integrated system; ACCEPTANCE → meets business requirements
```

## Functional vs non-functional

```text
FUNCTIONAL → does it do the RIGHT thing? (correct behavior, features work)
  → unit, integration, e2e, smoke, regression, sanity tests
NON-FUNCTIONAL → HOW WELL does it work? (qualities beyond correctness):
  PERFORMANCE (speed, load), SECURITY, USABILITY, RELIABILITY, COMPATIBILITY, etc.
```

## Sauran nau'in gwaje da aka saba da su

```text
REGRESSION → verify changes didn't break existing functionality (run after changes)
SMOKE → quick check that core functionality works (before deeper testing)
MANUAL → a human tests; AUTOMATED → code tests code (repeatable, fast)
WHITE-BOX (know the internals) vs BLACK-BOX (test behavior, not internals)
```

## Dalilin da ya damce

Fahimtar nau'ikan gwaje daban-daban da matakan gwaje yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ba da **tsarin cikakken hanyar gwaje**, don haka yana da mahimmanci ilimi don kalidad software.

Gwaje ba abin iri daya ba — yana yauwaye mataki (ta scope: **unit** don gida daya, **integration** don abubuwan da ke aiki tare, **end-to-end** don cikakken aikace-aikace daga kallon mai amfani, kuma system da acceptance) da **nau'i** (ta dalili: **functional** gwaje cewa software yana yin abubuwan daidai, da **non-functional** gwaje na takamaiman abu kamar iyakanci, tsaro, wuce-wucewa, da imedanci).

Fahimtar wannan nau'in abubuwa yana mahimmanci saboda cikakken tsarin gwaje yana amfani da mataki da nau'i da yawa — ba za ka tiyaki kalidad kawai da nau'in gwaje guda (gwajin unit ne kawai suna watse haɗin kai; gwajin functional ne kawai suna watse iyakanci da tsaro).

Fahimtar mataki (da cewa suna canza scope akan saurin — gwajin unit suna da sauri da lada, gwajin e2e suna faru amma suna a hankali) yana tara tashin gwaje na pyramid.

Fahimtar **sauran nau'in da aka saba da su** — regression (tabbatar da cewa sawun ba ya karye abubuwa), smoke (sauri duba abubuwan da ke aiki), manual vs automated, da white-box vs black-box — yana kammalawa kalmomi na gwaje.

Sanin wannan bambance-bambance yana taimakawa ka tunani game da nau'in gwaje da aiki ake buƙata da kuma magana game da gwaje a hankali.

Tunda kalitu software da ke aiki yana buƙatar mataki da nau'i da yawa na gwaje (da ke rufe daidaituwar scope daban-daban da takamaiman nau'in kalidad), da tun fahimta taxonomy na gwaje yana tunkaɗa ga gina cikakken hanyar gwaje da magana game da gwaje, fahimtar nau'ikan gwaje daban-daban da matakan gwaje yana da mahimmanci, ilimi wanda aka danganta — tsarin tashin hankali na sona gwaje, wajib ne don tunanin kalitu na cikakke da fahimta inda nau'in gwaje kaware, mahimmancin bacin gwaje ba tare da abubuwan kaɗai ba.