Yaya kuke gwada Laravel applications?

Question

Accepted Answer

Laravel yana ba da kyakkyawan karbar gwada (bisa PHPUnit, tare da zabin Pest na zamani) da kuma taimakon gwada ta musamman — database ta gwada, gwada HTTP, taimakon gaskiyar shaida, da wayo — wanda ke sa aikace-aikacen da saurin gwada. Gwadawa an raba su zuwa gwadawa ta kayan (cikakken hanyar bugi) da gwadawa ta raka'a (ilimin keɓe).

## Gwadawa ta kayan — gwada cikakken hanyar bugi

```php
class UserTest extends TestCase {
    use RefreshDatabase;            // fresh, migrated test database per test (isolated)

public function test_can_create_user(): void {
        $response = $this->postJson('/api/users', [    // make a real request to the app
            'name' => 'Ann', 'email' => 'ann@x.com',
        ]);
        $response->assertStatus(201)
                 ->assertJson(['name' => 'Ann']);       // assert the response
        $this->assertDatabaseHas('users', ['email' => 'ann@x.com']);   // assert the DB
    }
}
```

**Gwadawa ta kayan** yana aiki da cikakken katako (hanyoyin, middleware, tabbatarwa, jirgin tafo, database) ta hanyar bugi bugi HTTP tare da taimakon kamar `get`/`postJson`, sannan tabbatar kan sakowa da yanayin database (`assertDatabaseHas`). Wannan yana tabbatar da ainihin hali na aikace-aikace.

## Taimakon gwada yana sa Laravel saurin gwada

```php
$this->actingAs($user)->get('/dashboard');         // authenticate as a user
User::factory()->count(10)->create();               // generate test data via factories

Mail::fake(); Mail::assertSent(WelcomeEmail::class);   // assert mail without sending
Queue::fake(); Queue::assertPushed(ProcessJob::class); // assert jobs queued, don't run them
Event::fake(); Storage::fake('s3');                    // fake events, storage, etc.
Http::fake();                                           // fake external HTTP calls
```

Wayo na Laravel (`Mail::fake()`, `Queue::fake()`, `Http::fake()`, da sauransu) suna baka ku tabbatar cewa wasikokin an aika, ayyuka an cinyewa, ko kira HTTP an yi — *ba tare* da ainihin yin su ba, wanda ke ba da damar sannu, keɓewar, tabbatarwar gwada. Taimakon `actingAs` da factory yana saurin saita gwadawa gaskiyar shaida, data tare.

## Gwadawa ta raka'a da Pest

```php
// unit test — isolated logic, no framework/DB
public function test_discount_calculation(): void {
    $this->assertEquals(90, (new Cart)->applyDiscount(100, 10));
}

// Pest — a modern, expressive testing syntax on top of PHPUnit (popular in Laravel)
it('creates a user', fn() => post('/users', [...])->assertCreated());
```

## Me ya sa haka mahimmanci

Gwada shine mahimmanci don amintacciyar aikace-aikace, kuma kyakkyawon karbar gwada ta Laravel — tare da taimakon gida-sani na web wanda ke sa aikace-aikace ta musamman saurin gwada — nufin sanin yaya gwada yana mahimmanci duka don ingancin code da kuma don tsammanin ba samiya. **Gwadawa ta kayan** musamman masu daraja ne: ta hanyar bugi bugi tuntubaɗi HTTP ga aikace-aikace kuma tabbatar kan sakowa da yanayin database (tare da sifatin `RefreshDatabase` da ke ba da keɓewar database ta gwada), suna tabbatar cewa cikakken hanyar bugi duka (hanyoyin, middleware, tabbatarwa, jirgin tafo, adana) yana aiki daidai tare — gwada ainihin hali kamar yadda mai amfani ke gani.

Wayo da taimakon gwada na Laravel ne ke sa wannan amfani sosai: `actingAs` don gaskiyar shaida, **factories** don samar da gwada data, kuma musamman **wayo** (`Mail::fake()`, `Queue::fake()`, `Http::fake()`, `Event::fake()`) wanda ke ba ku damar tabbatar iza asalin hali ya faru (wasikokin an aika, ayyuka an cinyewa, albarkatun kira an yi) *ba tare* da ainihin yin su ba — wanda ke ba da damar sannu, keɓewar, tabbatarwar gwada na haƙiƙa.

Sanin bambanci tsakanin gwada ta kayan da raka'a, taimakon gwada da wayo, factories don data, da zabin Pest na zamani yana rufe yanayin aiki na gwada Laravel daidai.

Saboda Laravel yana ba da kayan gwada mai ƙarfi da gida-sani na web, kuma saboda aikace-aikacen da aka gwada da kyau sun harbi sakittarwa kuma suna ba da tabbas na sake badewa, sanin yaya amfani da karbar gwada na Laravel — musamman gwadawa ta kayan da wayo/factory taimakon — shine mahimmancin sani na jiya wanda ke bambanta masu bawa wa aiki faɗi, marubuce da kyau daga waɗanda suke aiki ba tare da gwada, karya code, wanda ke nunawa da jiyya karbar gida.