Menene nau'ikan kuskure/exception a PHP?

Question

Accepted Answer

PHP yana da tsarin biyu masu kamanceceniya don matsaloli: **kuskure** na gida (gargajiya, sanarwa, kuskuren kumfa) da **exception** (tushe kan aiki, ana iya kama su da try/catch). PHP na zamani yana haƙa yawancin wannan a ƙarƙashin hierarchy na `Throwable`, kuma kyakkyawar hanya ta niyyar exception.

## Nau'ikan kuskure na gida

```text
E_NOTICE   → minor issues (e.g. using an undefined variable) — script continues
E_WARNING  → non-fatal problems (e.g. include of a missing file) — continues
E_ERROR / Fatal → serious errors (e.g. calling an undefined function) — script HALTS
E_DEPRECATED → use of deprecated features
```

Wannan su ne kuskuren gida na PHP, masu fasali na matakin. Sanarwa da gargajiya suna ba da damar jerin aiki ya ci gaba (amma suna sanya alamar matsaloli); kuskuren kumfa yana tsayar da shi.

## Hierarchy na Throwable (na zamani, tushe kan aiki)

```text
Throwable (interface)
  ├── Error      → internal PHP/engine errors (TypeError, DivisionByZeroError, ...)
  │                 — typically PROGRAMMING bugs
  └── Exception  → application-level exceptions (the ones you throw and catch)
        ├── RuntimeException, LogicException
        ├── InvalidArgumentException, etc.
        └── your custom exceptions
```

PHP na zamani yana wakilta matsalolin mutum-mutumi azaman **abubuwa** masu aiki da `Throwable`, wanda aka rarraba shi zuwa `Error` (matakin injin, yawancin su ne kuskure kamar `TypeError`) da `Exception` (kuskuren aikacike wanda kake sama da kama).

## Kama da try/catch

```php
try {
    $result = riskyOperation();
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {     // catch a SPECIFIC type
    echo "Bad argument: " . $e->getMessage();
} catch (Throwable $e) {                     // catch anything (Error OR Exception)
    log($e);
} finally {
    cleanup();                                // always runs
}
```

Tun PHP 7, `Error` (kamar `TypeError`) kuma ana iya kami shi azaman `Throwable` — don haka kana iya kama duka kuskure da exception.

## Jefa exception

```php
function divide(int $a, int $b): float {
    if ($b === 0) {
        throw new InvalidArgumentException("Cannot divide by zero");   // raise
    }
    return $a / $b;
}
```

## Daidaita gudanar da kuskure

```php
error_reporting(E_ALL);         // report ALL errors (development)
ini_set('display_errors', '0'); // production: DON'T show errors to users (log them instead)
set_error_handler(...);          // convert errors to exceptions, custom handling
```

## Why it matters

Sanin tsarin kuskure da exception na PHP yana da mahimmanci wajen rubuta aikace-aikace masu ƙarfi da tabbatar da abin da ake aiki da shi.

Sanin nau'ikan kuskure na gida (sanarwa/gargajiya/fatal) yana taimaka maka fahimci sanarwar PHP da gane wuyar matsaloli, sanin hierarchy na `Throwable` na zamani (rarrabashen kuskurenin injin `Error` — yawancin su ne kuskurenin shirye-shirye — da `Exception` na aikace wanda kake jefa da kama) shine mainimaini ga gudanar da kuskure na PHP na zamani.

Aikin gida — amfani da `try/catch/finally` don kama exception, kama nau'i na musamman, jefa exception masu ma'ana, da cewa `Error` kuma ana iya kami shi azaman `Throwable` (tun PHP 7) — shine sanin yau yau wajen gina jerin aiki masu inganci.

Musamman, sanin aikin samarwa na **rubuta kuskure kaɗai maimakon nuna su wa masu amfani** (saboda kuskurenin da aka nuna yana bayyana bayanai masu siri — matsalar sabon hoto) yana da mahimmanci wajen amfani da samarwa.

PHP na zamani yana niyyar hanyar exception, gida kan aiki, don haka sanin nau'ikan kuskure/exception, yadda za a gudanar da su daidai, da daidaita tsarin kuskure yana da mahimmanci wajen rubuta aikace-aikace masu ƙarfi, masu ƙima, aminci na PHP.