Magic methods su hanyoyin kainatsu (da aka shigar da __) waɗanda PHP ke kira ta atomatik sakamakon abubuwan da ke faruwa a kan object — kamar samun property wanda ba a bayyana shi, kira method wanda ba a bayyana shi, ko canza object zuwa kashi. Suna ba ku damar daidaita aiki na object.
{
{ }
{ }
}
class Container {
private array $data = [];
public function __get($name) { // called on reading an INACCESSIBLE/undefined property
return $this->data[$name] ?? null;
}
public function __set($name, $value) { // called on writing one
$this->data[$name] = $value;
}
public function __isset($name): bool { return isset($this->data[$name]); }
}
$c = new Container();
$c->foo = "bar"; // triggers __set('foo', 'bar')
echo $c->foo; // triggers __get('foo') → "bar"
__get/__set suna hanawa samun property waɗanda ba su wanzu ba ko ba su da damar — suna ƙayyade properties na dynamic (da ake amfani dashi ta ORMs, config objects).
class Api {
public function __call($method, $args) { // called for UNDEFINED method calls
return $this->request($method, $args); // e.g. dynamic API methods
}
public static function __callStatic($method, $args) { /* static version */ }
}
$api->getUsers(); // no getUsers() method → __call('getUsers', [])
__call/__callStatic suna hanawa kiran methods waɗanda ba su wanzu ba — ana amfani da su don APIs na fluent/dynamic (misali Laravel's query builder, facades).
class Money {
public function __construct(private float $amount) {}
public function __toString(): string { // when the object is used as a string
return '$' . number_format($this->amount, 2);
}
}
echo new Money(9.5); // "$9.50" — __toString called automatically
class Multiplier {
public function __invoke($x) { return $x * 2; } // makes the object CALLABLE
}
$double = new Multiplier();
$double(5); // 10 — __invoke called
Magic methods su muhimmin fasalin PHP don canja saurin aiki na object, kuma fahimtar su yana da daraja tanto wajen amfani dasu daidai da kuma — musamman — wajen fahimtar yadda PHP frameworks ke aiwatar da "magic" nasu. Hanyoyin kamar __get/__set (samun property na dynamic), __call/__callStatic (jiyya method na dynamic), __toString (canzawa zuwa kashi), da __invoke (callable objects) suna ba da damar objects su bada amsa ta hankali ga abubuwan da ba su bayyana su bayyane.
/Wannan shine hanyar da frameworks ke aiwatar da juyawa: Laravel's Eloquent ORM yana amfani da __get/__set don model attributes, query builder da facades nasu suna amfani da __call/__callStatic don hanyoyin fluent dynamic, da config/collection objects suna amfani da waɗannan a duka.
Gane magic methods suna bayyantar yadda waɗannan frameworks ke aiki kuma suna ba ku damar gina APIs masu kamata.
Sanin key magic methods, abin da ke tunkarar kowansu, da yawan amfani tare da frameworks shine ilimin aiki dan rike don rubutta expressive PHP da amfani inganci/tsawo game da frameworks da aka gina akan su. (Gargadi: magic methods na iya raunawa bayyana da support na IDE — amfani masu ba da sakaci daidai suna sa code su zama mai wahala fahimtar, saboda haka sai a amfani da su da gida ga ainihin abubuwan dynamic, ba azaman default ba.)