Klasukan da abubuwan suke aiki a PHP?

Question

Accepted Answer

PHP yana da cikakken goyan bayan **shirye-shiryen tsarin kayan aiki**: azuzuwan suna bayyana tsari da halin abu, kuma abubuwan sune misalai. Tsarin kayan aiki na PHP na zamani ya yi tsada kuma ya bushe da kyau, tare da masu canza gano, masu yin wa, da abubuwa kamar haɗawa da kalmar canjin.

## Ayyana ajiya

```php
<?php
class User {
    public string $name;            // typed property
    private int $age;                // visibility: public / private / protected

public function __construct(string $name, int $age) {   // constructor
        $this->name = $name;          // $this refers to the instance; -> accesses members
        $this->age = $age;
    }

public function greet(): string {
        return "Hi, I'm {$this->name}";
    }
}

$user = new User("Ann", 30);     // create an instance
echo $user->name;                 // access a property
echo $user->greet();              // call a method
```

Azuzuwan suna da **kaddarorin da aka jijjantawa**, hanya `__construct`, da hanyoyin aiki. `$this` yana nuni ga jiyya na yanzu, kuma `->` yana cikakken sahiba da hanyoyin aiki (PHP tana amfani da `->``, ba `.`).

## Masu canza gano (rufewa)

```php
public    // accessible everywhere
private   // only within THIS class
protected // this class and subclasses
```

## Haɗawa da kalmar canjin (PHP 8 — karami boilerplate)

```php
class User {
    // declare AND assign properties directly in the constructor signature
    public function __construct(
        public string $name,
        private int $age = 0,
    ) {}
    // equivalent to declaring the properties + assigning them — much less code
}
```

Haɗawa da kalmar canjin na PHP 8 ta kawar da boilerplate mai maimaita na bayyana-sannan-canji — siga modern na gajere.

## Kasua stattiki da abubuwan dace

```php
class Counter {
    public static int $count = 0;      // belongs to the CLASS, not instances
    const MAX = 100;                    // class constant

public static function increment(): void {
        self::$count++;                  // access static via self::
    }
}
Counter::increment();                    // call via ClassName::
Counter::MAX;
```

Kasuar stattiki (tsarin `::`) na gida ga ajiya kanta; abubuwan dace suna amfani da `const`.

## Me ya sa haka mahimmanci

Shiryen tsarin kayan aiki ya zama mahimmanci ga PHP na zamani — frameworks (Laravel, Symfony) da tushe mai tsarewa ana gini a kusa da azuzuwan, saboda haka fahimtar PHP OOP ya zama mahimmanci ga kowane tsare-tsaren PHP.

Zanin yadda za a sanya azuzuwan da kaddarorin da aka jijjantawa, masu yin wa, da hanyoyin aiki, **masu canza gano** (`public`/`private`/`protected`) da ke tilastawa rufewa, `$this`/`->`/`::` tsari, da kasua/abubuwan dace shine mahimmanci na yau-yau.

Siga na zamani ya zama alhakin sanye-sanye — **haɗawa da kalmar canjin** (PHP 8) yana rage boilerplate da girma kuma ana amfani dashi a kalli da kalli a cikin code, kuma **kaddarorin da aka jijjantawa** suna yin azuzuwan masu ikon.

Tsarin kayan aiki na PHP na zamani ya yi tsada kuma yana da ikon (nesa daga jija kyauta na farko na PHP), kuma tun da duk frameworks da aikace-aikacen PHP na zamani sune da shiryar kayan aiki, kuma shawarwarin azuzuwan da abubuwan — tare da tsarin na musamman na PHP da siga na zamani — shine mahimmanci, dole ka san su abubuwan don rubuta PHP mai karif.