Yadda kuke tsara jikinki na bukatan da ya haɗuka da hadaddun?

Question

Accepted Answer

Samfuran Pydantic zai iya zama **haɗe** — filin samfur zai iya zama wani samfu, jeri na samfura, ko nau'in hadaddun — yana bugi FastAPI gida da gaske tsarake JSON (abubuwan a cikin abubuwan, jeri na abubuwan) baki a baki.

## Samfuran da aka haɗa

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel

class Address(BaseModel):
    street: str
    city: str
    zip: str

class User(BaseModel):
    name: str
    address: Address                    # a NESTED model
    tags: list[str] = []                # a list of strings
    addresses: list[Address] = []       # a list of NESTED models

@app.post("/users")
def create(user: User):                  # validates the WHOLE nested structure
    return user
```

```json
// FastAPI validates this entire structure, including the nested address:
{ "name": "Ann",
  "address": { "street": "1 Main", "city": "NY", "zip": "10001" },
  "tags": ["vip"] }
```

Filin samfu da aka jera a matsayin wani samfu (ko `list[Model]`) an tabbatarkwace shi da sake-recursion — abubuwan da aka haɗa da jeri na abubuwan an dube duka a gefen nau'arsu ta baki.

## Nau'ikan hadaddun da musamman

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl, EmailStr
from datetime import datetime
from enum import Enum

class Status(str, Enum):                 # enums constrain to allowed values
    active = "active"
    inactive = "inactive"

class Item(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl                          # validates URL format
    email: EmailStr                       # validates email format
    created: datetime                     # parses ISO 8601 strings → datetime
    status: Status                        # must be one of the enum values
    metadata: dict[str, int]              # typed dict
    coordinates: tuple[float, float]      # typed tuple
```

Pydantic yana jinkirtawa da nau'ikan wa'azi: enums (iyakantawa zuwa darawar da ake ba da izini), `datetime` (shan kuskuru ISO), `HttpUrl`/`EmailStr` (tabbatar da tsari), da typed dicts/tuples — duka suna tabbatarwa baki a baki.

## Haɗe mai mahimmanci / wanda za'a iya amfani da shi

```python
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class Paginated(BaseModel, Generic[T]):   # a reusable generic response wrapper
    items: list[T]
    total: int
# Paginated[User] → { items: [User...], total: N }
```

## Kuma me yasa haka muhimmanci

A'a-duniyar APIs suna jiya abubuwan fitillattu — suna kula da hadaddun, haɗi-haɗi na tsari (mai ma'aikaci da adireshi da jeri na umarnin, umarnin da jeri na jera, abubuwan haɗa), kuma ikon Pydantic na **hafsan tsari** yana sauƙa tabbatar da wannan hadaddun bukatan jikinku baki a baki.

Tunanin cewa filin samfu zai iya zama wani samfu, jeri na samfura, ko nau'in wahazi — kuma FastAPI **tabbatar jiya tsare haɗi-haɗi ta tsarewa koli koli** koli koli — muhimmanci ne don gina APIyang da suke karɓi ainihi, hadaddun bugi baki a baki.

Goyon bayan nau'in sa'a (enums ga iyakar darawar, `datetime` shan, `HttpUrl`/`EmailStr` tabbatar tsari, jeri mai jera) kuma tabbatar da cewa baɗin hadaddun daidai ne ba tare da kula baki a baki ba.

Sanin yadda za'a tsara haɗi-haɗi da hadaddun jikitatu (da haɗe mai mahimmanci na wanda ake iya amfani da shi akan irin su nisantawa) shine ilimi na jiya don gina APIyang da suke kula da tsarake baɗin da aikace-aikacen gaske ke bukaci, tare da tabbatar jiya baki a baki — kina taida FastAPI ɗin buɗe-bɗi na Pydantic.