Yayadda kuke karɓar jiki na bukin JSON?

Question

Accepted Answer

Don karɓar jiki na bukin JSON a FastAPI, kuna bayyana sigina jiya na aikin da aka lissafa azaman **Karin karanta Pydantic**. FastAPI yana karantawa jiki, yana bada da JSON, yana auna shi a gefen karin, kuma yana ba ku wani abu da aka lissafa — ta atomatik.

## Tsarin

```python
from pydantic import BaseModel

class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    description: str | None = None      # optional field

@app.post("/items")
def create_item(item: Item):             # `item: Item` → read & validate the JSON body
    # `item` is a fully-validated Item object here
    return {"name": item.name, "total": item.price * 1.1}
```

```json
// request body the client sends:
{ "name": "Phone", "price": 999.0 }
```

Bayyana `item: Item` yana gaya wa FastAPI da su karantawa jiki na bukin azaman JSON, su bada shi zuwa `Item`, da **su auna** — aikin ku yana karɓar abu da aka lissafa, daidai. Masu dani magungu ana yi watsi dasu ta atomatik:

```json
// POST { "name": "Phone" }  (missing price) → automatic 422:
{ "detail": [{ "loc": ["body", "price"], "msg": "field required" }] }
```

## Jiki + hanya + bubuwa tare

```python
@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update(item_id: int, item: Item, notify: bool = False):
    # item_id = path param, item = JSON body (Pydantic model), notify = query param
    # FastAPI distinguishes them by type/location automatically
```

FastAPI yana kiwaye sigina ta wali: waje-maye-waje → sigina hanya, Karin karanta Pydantic → jiki na bukin, sigina mai saukin gaida → sigina bubuwa.

## Sigina tare da jiki mai yawa / sabuntawa na waje

```python
@app.patch("/items/{id}")
def patch(id: int, item: ItemUpdate):       # use a model with all-optional fields for PATCH
    update_data = item.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)   # only fields the client sent
```

## Me yasa yana da mahimmanci

Karɓa da auna jikin bukin yana da mahimmanci — kusan kowane API wanda ke abubuwa ko sabuntawa bayanai yana buƙata, kuma FastAPI ya ba shi kyau sosai: bayyana sigina karin karanta Pydantic yana ba ku aikin bada JSON ta atomatik, cikakkar **auna** (tare da manyan kuskure na 422 na filin), da abu da aka lissafa, kawar da aikin bada da kuskure-da-ake-iya-damre na hannu da auna wanda sauran tsari suke buƙata.

Aunan kuma shi ne maɓalli mai mahimmanci na **tsaro/ƙarfi** — masu dani magungu ana yi watsi dasu kafin su isa tunanin ka.

Wajen gani fiye da gani don nuna karin gaida jiki, yadda FastAPI ta keɓe jiki daga hanya/bubuwa jikin, da tsarin kamar `exclude_unset` don waje sabuntawa shine ilimin mahali mai mahimmanci kowane ranar don gina uba waje kowace.