Yaya abubuwan hanyar aiki da abubuwan buhatun aiki?

Question

Accepted Answer

FastAPI yana cire **abubuwan hanyar aiki** (wani bangare na hanyar URL) da **abubuwan buhatun aiki** (bayan `?`) daga jujjuyawar aiki, yana amfani da nau'ikan alamomi don canza su da tabbatarwa ta sauki.

## Abubuwan hanyar aiki — wani bangare na URL

```python
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")        # {item_id} in the path
def get_item(item_id: int):          # matched by NAME; `int` converts & validates
    return {"item_id": item_id}
# GET /items/5 → item_id = 5 (int).  GET /items/abc → 422 error (not an int)
```

Wani parameter na aiki wanda sunansa ya dace da `{placeholder}` a cikin hanya ya zama **parameter na hanya**. Alamin nau'i (`int`) yana canza igiya daga URL ta sauki kuma yana bada bayar 422 a sarari idan bai dace ba.

## Abubuwan buhatun aiki — kome da sauran

```python
@app.get("/items")
def list_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10, q: str | None = None):
    # parameters NOT in the path become QUERY parameters
    # GET /items?skip=20&limit=5&q=phone → skip=20, limit=5, q="phone"
    return {"skip": skip, "limit": limit, "q": q}
```

Abubuwan jujjuyawar aiki wanda **ba" a cikin hanya suke ba ya zama **abubuwan buhatun aiki**. Ƙima ta tsoho yana sa su zama jiya (`skip: int = 0`) ; `str | None = None` yana yin parameter na buhatun aiki da zalaƙe. Ba tare da tsoho ba, ana buƙata.

## Buƙata da jiya

```python
def search(q: str):              # REQUIRED query param (no default) → ?q=... must be present
def search(q: str = ""):          # optional, defaults to ""
def search(q: str | None = None): # optional, defaults to None
```

## Haɗuwa da dukansu

```python
@app.get("/users/{user_id}/items")
def user_items(user_id: int, limit: int = 10):
    # user_id = path param, limit = query param — distinguished by the path
```

## Me yasa ya baba da mahimmanci

Abubuwan hanyar aiki da buhatun aiki ni yadda butucan masu ƙarshe ke karɓar abubuwan shigar daga URL — mahimmanci ga kusan kowane hanya ta API (karɓar albar ta id, tacewa, warewa, bincike).

Hanyar FastAPI ce da ke da kyau kuma wata dalilin da ke sa ita ta zama aiki: baɗi sauƙaƙe naɗa abubuwan jujjuyawar aiki yana baka cire ta sauki, **jujjuyar nau'i**, **tabbatarwa** (tare da bayyanniyar bayar 422 akan maci marasa kyau) da buƙata-da-zalaƙe matuƙa (ta tsoho) — duka daga nau'ikan alamomi na Python da aka saba, ba tare da warware na hannu ba.

Ganewa rabon taushi (abubuwan hanyar aiki suna zo daga `{placeholders}`, kome da sauran shine parameter na buhatun aiki) da yadda tsoho ke ƙulla zalanta ya zama muhimmin ilimi a kowane rana don gina butucan FastAPI.