Tunani yana gina hali ta yadda ta riko wasu abubuwa ("has-a" alaƙa) da aika masu. Gida yana karba hali ta yadda ta tsawaita ajiya ("is-a"). Shawara "tunani ya fito" akwai saboda gida yana haifar da alaƙa mai daɗi mai ɓacin, yayin da tunani ya kasance mai santsi.
<T> <T> {
{ add(x); }
T { remove(size() - ); }
}
class Stack<T> {
private final List<T> items = new ArrayList<>(); // HAS-A list
void push(T x) { items.add(x); }
T pop() { return items.remove(items.size() - 1); }
// only push/pop are exposed → LIFO invariant is safe
}
Ta riko jerin waje ne a maimakon kasua, Stack ya fallaci kawai abubuwan da yake so.
| Tunani | Gida |
|---|---|
| Mai santsi, sauya waje a lokaci na aiki | An kayyade a lokacin kirja |
| Ya ɓoye ciki (aika) | Yana gida dukan jiḥa |
| Ƙarin waya/kasa | Koda kadan lokacin da gaskiya ne is-a |
| Gujewa jihar gida mai ɓacin | Subclass yana karɓa idan an canja gida |
Ai gida ne kawai don tunani "is-a" na gaskiya, na tsarki; ai tunani ne ne "Ina buƙata wannan hali."
Gida ya fallaci dukan jiḥar mahaɗ, saboda haka subclass ba za ta iya ikon sakamako nata sosai — latawalaye Stack extends ArrayList shine misali na gida.
Tunani ya rika alaƙa bayyane da sauya, wanda kusa gajere injeksiyoɗi, pattern da mafi santsi zane suna iko shi.