Menene mixins da traits?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Mixins** da **traits** sune raka'a na *halaye da za a iya sake amfani da su* waɗanda kuke tsara su cikin aji ba tare da cikakken dangantakar inherits-a ba. Suna ba wa azuzuwan da ba su da alaƙa damar raba aiki — kamar gidaje da yawa, amma yanke niyya ga halaye maimakon gina tsararrun nau'i masu zurfafa.

## Mixin a Python

```python
class JsonSerializableMixin:           # reusable behavior, not a base "type"
    def to_json(self):
        import json
        return json.dumps(self.__dict__)

class TimestampMixin:
    def touch(self):
        import time
        self.updated_at = time.time()

class User(JsonSerializableMixin, TimestampMixin):   # mix in both
    def __init__(self, name): self.name = name

u = User("Mai")
u.touch()
print(u.to_json())                     # gained both behaviors via mixins
```

`User` *ba shi* "JsonSerializable" — sai ya *samu* iyawa ta hanya.

## Traits (alal misal Scala/Rust/PHP)

Traits suna kama amma sun yi tsarinta sosai: suna iya buƙatar hanyoyi, samar da tsohuwar buɓuɓɓuwa, da rikitarwa wajen warware haɗi.

```scala
trait Greet { def name: String; def greet = s"Hi, $name" }  // requires name
class Person(val name: String) extends Greet
```

## Mixin/trait vs. gidaje vs. interface

| | Ya samar halyayan | Ya samar jihi | Gida da yawa a aji |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interface | Galibi a'a | A'a | Ee |
| Aji mara amfani | Ee | Ee | A'a (ɗaya) |
| Mixin/Trait | **Ee** | Wani lokaci | **Ee** |

## Shakuwa

Jajecewa masu yawa na mixins suna aika sarrafa MRO/diamond — rikitarwa na sunaye da halaye masu dogara ga tsari. Ka ajiye mixin kowane ɗaya kashi, kula da shi, kuma ba shi da jihi idan zai yi daidai.

## Me yake matuhi

Mixins/traits shine amsa mai zuriya ga "Ina bukatan raba halaye tsakanin azo ba tare da tilasta wata zarai ta gidaje ɗaya" — tunanin *iyawuwa*, ba nau'i ba.

Suna samar ga aiki na gaske (Django class-based views, traits na kaida na Rust), da fahimtar su yana bayyana yadda harsuna ke ba da abubuwan amfani na yawa-gida yayin gujewa kafi cutarwa gidajensa.

	Ya samar halyayan	Ya samar jihi	Gida da yawa a aji
Interface	Galibi a'a	A'a	Ee
Aji mara amfani	Ee	Ee	A'a (ɗaya)
Mixin/Trait	Ee	Wani lokaci	Ee