Niga aikin OOP guda hudu kewayen?

Question

Accepted Answer

Aikin hudu shine **Encapsulation**, **Abstraction**, **Inheritance**, da **Polymorphism**. Tare, suna bayyana yadda OOP ke tsara da sake amfani da code.

## Aikin guda hudu

| Aikin | Babbar ra'ayi |
|---|---|
| **Encapsulation** | Taara bayani + hala; ɓoye ciki status a bayan seiri interface |
| **Abstraction** | Bayyana *me* ne abin a ke yi, ɓoye *yaya* a ke yin shi |
| **Inheritance** | Subclass ke sake amfani da shi sannan kuma ya fadada jirgi |
| **Polymorphism** | Hanya ɗaya, ayyuka da yawa da aka zaɓa a lokacin jinkiri |

## Karni mai sauri

```java
abstract class Shape {            // ABSTRACTION: "what", not "how"
    abstract double area();       // each shape decides its own formula
}

class Circle extends Shape {      // INHERITANCE: Circle is a Shape
    private double r;             // ENCAPSULATION: r is private
    Circle(double r) { this.r = r; }
    double area() { return Math.PI * r * r; }   // POLYMORPHISM: own area()
}

class Square extends Shape {
    private double s;
    Square(double s) { this.s = s; }
    double area() { return s * s; }
}

Shape shape = new Circle(2);      // POLYMORPHISM in action:
System.out.println(shape.area()); // calls Circle.area() at runtime
```

## Kasua

Waɗannan ne *kayan aiki*, ba buqatu ba. Tilastawa inheritance ko abstraction inda ba a bukatar ba yana haifar da rikitarwa. Nemi aikin da yake dacewa da matsala.

## Me yasa ya mahimmaci

Waɗannan kalmomin guda hudu shine kamus gida na zane-zanen OOP — manyan ajiya da sake duba code suna zartar da ka sani su.

Kowa aikin ya taɓa fa'idar gari: encapsulation yana kariya invariants, abstraction ta rage abin da kake fahimta, inheritance da polymorphism suna ba damar sake amfani da shi da fadada shi.

Encapsulation	Taara bayani + hala; ɓoye ciki status a bayan seiri interface
Abstraction	Bayyana me ne abin a ke yi, ɓoye yaya a ke yin shi
Inheritance	Subclass ke sake amfani da shi sannan kuma ya fadada jirgi
Polymorphism	Hanya ɗaya, ayyuka da yawa da aka zaɓa a lokacin jinkiri