Menene abstraction a cikin OOP?

Question

Accepted Answer

**Abstraction** yana nufin bayyana *abin da* wani abu yake yi a gida *ta yaya* yake yi shi. Kuna yin aiki tare da sauƙi, waje mara canzawa kuma kuna yi watsi da horo mai mahimmanci a bayan shi.

## Abin da vs. ta yaya

```python
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class PaymentGateway(ABC):          # the abstraction: "what"
    @abstractmethod
    def charge(self, amount): ...    # callers only need this contract

class StripeGateway(PaymentGateway): # one "how"
    def charge(self, amount):
        # talk to Stripe's API, handle tokens, retries...
        return f"charged {amount} via Stripe"

class PayPalGateway(PaymentGateway): # another "how"
    def charge(self, amount):
        return f"charged {amount} via PayPal"

def checkout(gateway: PaymentGateway, amount):
    return gateway.charge(amount)    # depends only on the abstraction
```

`checkout` bai sananta akwai Stripe ko PayPal - ya dogara akan *gagumi* na ɗibingare, ba ta ƙarurruka ba.

## Abstraction vs. encapsulation

Suna da dangantaka amma suna banbanta: **encapsulation** ke buƙace yanayi don kare shi; **abstraction** ke buƙace wahala don sauƙaita haɗi. Encapsulation game da *karewa*; abstraction game da *menene zaka nuna*.

## Asibiti

Leaky abstractions (inda faɗin aiwatarwa yaji ta faɗe) da abstractions da jiya (an gina su kafin ka fahimci matsalar) duka suna ciwo. Abstrate abin da na gaske ya banbanta.

## Menene ya sa haka mahimmanci

Abstraction ita ce yadda kake shawo wa wahalar: masu kira suna tunani game da ƙaramin haɗi maimakon duka subsystem.

Ya kunna musayar aiwatarwa — ƙari sabon sodar biyan kudin ya taɓa ajiya daya, ba kowa mai kira - wanda shine tushe na yuwuwar, bincike tsarin.